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It is possible that the increased weight of winter ptarmigan (and Aylesbury ducks) precludes aerial running as the forces generated during stance are too high to both be supported by the leg muscles and to allow realization of elastic savings.
Aerial running is defined as a bouncing gait associated with an in phase relationship between the Ekh and Ep+Ekv, in which energy is stored and recovered via elastic elements [88].
DF was, however, significantly lower during winter than summer (season, F1,85 = 6.08, r2 = 0.01, p = 0.0157; U, F1,85 = 663.01, r2 = 0.88, p<0.001), but never dropped below 0.5 over the range of U in either summer or winter birds, indicating an absence of aerial running.
Furthermore, males achieved greater maximum sustainable speeds (Umax) by 50% and used aerial running gaits, whereas females did not (Lees et al., 2012).
In this way, aerial running may overload the locomotor system, risking damage or even failure of the muscles and tendons.
None of the birds in this study had duty factors below 0.5; therefore, they did not use aerial running gaits.
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Some non-specialist birds, for example, are only able to walk across their entire speed range [15], whereas cursorial species are able to grounded run at intermediate speeds and aerial run at the top of their speed range [17], [19], [26].
Winter Svalbard ptarmigan are unable to aerial run, an energy efficient mode of locomotion in summer birds (Nudds et al., 2011), despite a reduced metabolic cost of terrestrial locomotion at all speeds (Lees et al., 2010).
Although a set of Thomson's "Aerial Wheels" ran for 1,200 miles on an English brougham, the same inventor's solid-rubber tires were more popular; and thus, for almost half a century, air-filled tires were forgotten.
Although a set of Thomson's "aerial wheels" ran for 1,200 miles (roughly 2,000 km) on an English brougham, rubber for the inner tubes was so expensive that the tires could not be made profitably, and, thus, for almost half a century, air-filled tires were forgotten.
As we've documented elsewhere, the US and UK are complicit, both supplying the Saudis with weapons and helping them run the aerial campaign in Yemen.
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