Consistent with a residual confounding explanation, the apparently adverse effects of all disciplinary tactics and psychotherapy became non-significant as the covariate measure of antisocial behavior became more comprehensive and reliable.
On the other hand, Larzelere and Kuhn's meta-analysis[ 9] found that child outcomes of physical punishment were more adverse than those for alternative disciplinary tactics only when physical punishment was overly severe or the predominant disciplinary tactic.
"More entrepreneurial riders, really tough climbs, less tactics and prone to adverse weather conditions (same for all) as it's run in May-June.
If alternative disciplinary tactics show the same adverse associations with subsequent antisocial behavior as shown by spanking, however, the small effect sizes could be due to residual confounding.
This is a tried-and-true tactic in MACs — claim a material adverse change and then negotiate the price of the deal down based on the uncertainty that claim creates.
Tactics to reduce errors and mitigate their adverse effects include reducing complexity and optimizing information processing.
Psychotherapy had consistently more adverse effect sizes than spanking and the other disciplinary tactics, except for unadjusted correlations and the first structural equation model (see the next-to-last row of Table 5).
My list of adverse side effects is no longer a shock and awe tactic to help people who have no idea understand the full extent of my suffering.
The apparently adverse effects become nonsignificant more readily for the two milder disciplinary tactics, most likely because of a differential selection bias, because they tend to be selected more often for milder types of misbehavior than the other corrective actions.
It is an extremely complex policy matter, and Mr. McConnell has often reveled more in tactics and procedure than the arcana of community rating and adverse selection.
Unfortunately and expectedly, research on the adverse health consequences associated with SHS exposure has been hindered by tobacco industry tactics to undermine United States regulatory agencies [ 10].
