Quintiles for the neighborhood advantage summary score were created based on the entire study population distribution.
The range of the neighborhood advantage summary score was-12.7 to 28.7 with increasing score representing increasing neighborhood advantage.
This test had a p-value of 0.001 for the interaction between race and neighborhood advantage summary score, and p = 0.036 for the interaction between gender and neighborhood advantage summary score, and thus all models were stratified by race and gender.
Cross-tabulations by race and sex were calculated for individual-level income and education by the neighborhood advantage summary score to assess the degree of overlap of participants between individual-level and neighborhood-level measures of SES.
Decreasing neighborhood advantage summary score was associated with increased prevalence of smoking most clearly in black women with evidence of a similar but more modest trend being apparent for the other race and sex groups (Table 3).
Additionally, we found some evidence that the association between smoking and living in a disadvantaged neighborhood (as measured by the neighborhood advantage summary score) was greater in individuals with higher rather than lower individual-level household income.
Cross-tabulations of participants across individual-level income and education and the neighborhood advantage summary score showed that, as expected, large numbers of participants with low individual income and education lived in low advantage neighborhoods, and similarly, large numbers of individuals of high individual income and education lived in high advantage neighborhoods (Table 2).
Although our findings suggest that ensemble displays seem to have some advantages over summary displays to communicate data with uncertainty in a geospatial context, it may also be the case that ensemble displays provoke additional unintended biases.
It said: "he evidence in many of these cases indicates that Government forces take insufficient precautions to avoid incidental loss of civilian life and that their attacks are disproportionate to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated". Summary executions by anti-government forces.
In summary, advantages were highlighted concerning: spatial resolution, in particular by limiting in-depth averaging and by avoiding chromaticity of penetration depth for ATR-FTIR, μXRF and μXANES.
Each technique is presented with a definition, interpretation, clinical application, advantages, limitations and summary of its calculation.
