Co-infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax could be advantageous to hosts in terms of reduced disease severity (22 ), less chance for gametocyte carriage (23 ), and decreased parasite density (24 ).
This allows YIR to act as a "smoke screen" slowing down the acquisition of protective immunity in the host, ensuring maintenance of the infection but with some parasite control, advantageous to both host and parasite.
They behave as parasitic elements and usually have no known associated function that is advantageous to the host.
Another way enhanced ring phagocytosis may be advantageous to the host is by lowering the number of trophozoites and schizonts adhering to endothelia in specific organs and provoking there severe clinical conditions such as cerebral malaria, placental malaria, and possibly dyserythropoiesis-based anemia [36], [37].
Enhanced and preferential phagocytosis of ring-parasitized mutant RBCs may be advantageous to the host in two ways: (i) via reduction of parasite growth and parasite density, observed for example in patients with HbAS and β-thalassemia trait [24], [25], and (ii) via rapid digestion of phagocytosed rings by monocytes and the frequent repetition of this process without loss of efficiency [31].
Localized and controlled immune responses to discrete, focal infectious processes are clearly advantageous to the host.
Any mutation that improves the ability of an antiviral gene to recognize the virus is advantageous to the host genome.
If duplication proves to be advantageous to the host, both open reading frames are kept as paralogs.
However, some were incorporated into their genomes and became functional, so were selected positively, presumably because they were advantageous to their host animals.
The wide distribution and high prevalence of chromosomally encoded TA modules in both bacteria and archaea (particularly in free living species) has also lead to the hypothesis that these systems are advantageous to the host bacterium [ 32, 47].
