Large body size is often assumed to be beneficial in competitive encounters, indeed in solitary Eurytoma sp wasps large size is advantageous in encounters at female emergence sites (Macedo et al., 2013 b).
A mathematical model [ 26] suggested that a zigzag trajectory is advantageous when encountering a close or fast predator, whereas a straight trajectory is advantageous in facing a distant and relatively slow predator.
This is advantageous when fungi encounter complex lignocellulosic material, which contains multiple hexose and pentose sugars.
Despite the existence of genotype networks, finding a specific novel phenotype through a blind evolutionary search is challenging, partly because genotype spaces are very large, partly because the fraction of advantageous novel phenotypes encountered during this search is usually small.
In some of these situations, multiplication of the proximal nerve trunk would be advantageous, like in encountering extensive traumatic brachial plexus injuries and/or when multiple targets, supplied by a single nerve, are denervated, as well as when multiple signals for prosthetic arm/hand device control are required.
Over time both study groups increased their subgroup size, and ranging in larger subgroups can be advantageous during intergroup encounters and can increase the probability of success in competition for space and resources [McComb et al., 1994; Packer et al., 1990; Scarry, 2013].
Genome restoration could be advantageous to plants that encounter environmental changes for which ancestral genes were better adapted.
A long memory is certainly advantageous in the case of repeated encounters with the same individual, as was observed in vertebrates (e.g. several months or 1 year in birds: see [10]) and in other invertebrates (e.g. 2 weeks in crayfish [63]; 1–2 weeks in clawed lobsters [62]; 4 days in hermit crabs [61]).
This distinct physiology may prove relevant to the differing wound conditions these cells might be expected to encounter: adult cells would presumably find it advantageous to migrate rapidly to seal off an exposed wound site, whereas fetal cells, programmed for function in the protected uterine environment, may not biologically recognize any such imperative.
From an ecological perspective, different metabolites might be advantageous in different habitats where a given species will encounter different growth conditions and competitors.
Meanwhile, the possible reaction mechanism for the conversion of hexoses is discussed, and furthermore, some promising research orientations and advantageous catalysts are suggested based on the major problems encountered in the recent research.
