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The growth rates of type A and B cells are given by R and R+S, respectively, while both their death rates are given by D. Note that we assume the fitness effect of the advantageous alteration to act on the growth rather than the death rate; alternative assumptions are possible.
Nonetheless, even if the significant shortening of the hatching process after zona opening in the mouse is considered an advantageous alteration of the normal process, it is unclear whether the delay in hatching after zona thinning (on average, 8.5 h later than zona-intact controls) should be considered detrimental but it does suggest a disruption of the process.
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They find that C. intestinalis both randomly changes its DNA and retains advantageous alterations, both mutating and evolving, that is, at faster rates than vertebrates.
The data indicated that it is possible to perform environmentally advantageous structural alterations, namely the addition of double bonds, which would not negatively affect V. fischeri.
The model of breast cancer progression via sequential acquisition of selectively advantageous molecular alterations with morphologically recognizable phenotypes is a convenient conceptual framework.
The convergent nature of cancer evolution, in which there are several routes for cancer cells to take while they accumulate advantageous physiological alterations, provides a context for understanding the diversity of these changes.
Given the global nature of human habitat alterations, the likelihood that similar human-altered habitat will be found in the region of introduction is increased and the adaptations from the human-altered native range should be advantageous in similarly altered habitats in the introduced range.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to screen for alterations in visual function at a pre-clinical stage.
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) are advantageous for evaluating structural alterations (such as gray matter volume, cortical thickness and gyrification index [GI]) of the gray matter due to their ability to localize abnormal brain regions in patients without a priori hypothesis [10 12].
Cancer is the product of a somatic evolutionary process, in which successive advantageous genetic and epigenetic alterations drive the progression of the disease (Greaves and Maley, 2012).
Transformation of the colorectal tissue is characterized by the successive acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations that confer advantageous traits for tumorigenesis initiation and cancer progression [ 26].
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