The effective mechanical advantage calculated by the model is considerably lower than the mechanical advantage estimated from morphological lever ratios, suggesting that previous studies of morphological lever ratios have overestimated force and underestimated velocity transmission to the mandible.
But a smaller set of genetic variants, referred to as "drivers", provide a selective growth advantage, estimated to be minute (~0.4%), to the cell [ 9].
Figure 4: High variance of advantage estimates: In this traffic gridlock situation, it is unclear which agents' actions contributed most to the problem -- and when the gridlock is resolved, from any global reward it will be unclear which agents get credit.
David Dodwell, one of the authors of "The Hong Kong Advantage", estimates that two-thirds of Hong Kong's 30,000 producers of clothes and soft toys operate in two locations (usually China as well as Hong Kong) but that as many as a fifth now have plants in two places outside Hong Kong.
This method has the advantage that estimated results depend little on initial conditions, and it is effective in estimating parameters with their uncertainties (e.g., Aarts and Korst 1989).
To demonstrate this advantage, we estimated the typical decoding times of S. cerevisiae in starvation conditions (Ingolia et al. 2009).
The survival advantage was estimated at 33% (Table 3) and 21% (Dobie et al, 2006) compared to patients treated by surgery alone.
For specialty products with a volume of 300 tons per year (enzymes), a maximum advantage is estimated to be in the order of 5 10 million euros.
In a previous genotype-phenotype association study of drug resistance in MTB [ 15], the lowest frequency of a single nucleotide ('site level') variant with a known fitness advantage was estimated at 4% (f = 0.04) (rpoB codon 455 in rifampicin (RIF) resistant strains), whereas the highest was estimated at 52% (f = 0.52) (rpoB codon 450).
Greg Rucks, a transportation consultant to the Rocky Mountain Institute, a Colorado-based environmental research group, said that carbon fiber offered "unparalleled performance advantages," but estimated that replacing a steel "body in white" with carbon fiber would cost $1,200 per unit.
One measure of the network advantage, analysts estimate, is that Google collects 40percentto100percentcent more revenue per search than either Yahoo or Microsoft.
