Is the contribution of vocational education to adult proficiency in basic skills (literacy, numeracy and ICT skills) larger or smaller compared to that provided by academic education?
In addition, a few elementary school years in Spanish do not give students adult-level proficiency.
Even though a smaller percentage of adults lacking English proficiency are receiving state-financed language education, innovations in the state's Education Department have resulted in greater achievement among those adults who are enrolled.
But during the same period, the reach of specialized state-financed language classes decreased: In 2009, only 4 percent of New York's adults with low English proficiency were enrolled in English for Speakers of Other Language classes, down from 5 percent in 2005, the report said.
Once the data were collected, the pool of tasks within each domain was analyzed in a way that would array the set of tasks along a continuum that both reflected the proficiency of adults in a particular domain as well as the level of skill and knowledge associated with a correct response.
But proficiency for adults takes years of everyday study with qualified teachers.
To reach adults with limited English proficiency, several states have translated their BRFSS surveys into other languages, including Spanish, Vietnamese, Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese dialects), Korean, Khmer (Cambodian), Haitian Creole, Portuguese, and Tagalog.
This means that any adult with an estimated proficiency of 275 would have a 67% chance of responding correctly to all items at 275 on that scale.
In other words, one should expect Min proficiency among young adult speakers in their 20s to be highly variable, which might be one of the underlying factors contributing to the current Min sound changes.
In this paper, we use data from the Spanish sample of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to analyze the effect of the LOGSE reform on numeracy and literacy proficiency of the adult population.
