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Since almost all patients are taken over from other ICUs, in which admission primary APACHE scores are being determined, the listed scores are secondary APACHE II scores.
aAdjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, surgical/medical admission, primary diagnosis, severity of illness (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score), mechanical ventilation and hospital site.
The variables age, sex, comorbidity, surgical/medical admission, primary diagnosis, severity of illness (APACHE II score), mechanical ventilation and hospital site were included.
An organ dysfunction index (the Logistic Organ Dysfunction Score [ 11]) was calculated at admission (primary shock) or at the onset of circulatory failure (secondary shock).
We included patients ≥ 65 years with a hospital admission (primary, secondary, or other) for an acute UGIB occurring within 120 days from the dispensation of an oral bisphosphonate prescription (n = 412).
The presence of AKI remained associated with higher mortality after adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, surgical/medical admission, primary diagnosis, severity of illness (APACHE II score), mechanical ventilation and hospital site (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.3 to 1.5; P < 0.001).
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Data regarding hospital admissions, primary admission diagnosis (i.e., the most dominant reason for admission), gender and age are stored in this database.
In addition, corresponding data of all cardiovascular admissions (primary discharge diagnosis ICD-10 code in class I) and MI admissions (I21 and I22) were collected.
The Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS) [ 17] is a national system that aggregates patient level data on hospital admissions, primary cause of admission, diagnosis, procedures, length of stay and reimbursement by SUS.
These factors included female sex, pre-morbid end-stage kidney disease, liver disease, being immune-compromised, medical or non-elective admissions, primary diagnosis of sepsis or metabolic/poisoning admission diagnoses, and greater acute severity of illness.
Finally, more complex models might be needed that include side effects and disutilities related to insulin and oral medication use and other health care costs (related to patient admissions, primary care, or specialist visits).
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