Rather than throwing more supply at the energy-shortage problem, which he called a Bush administration solution, Mr. Epstein contended that reducing demand would have a more profound effect.
Courtney Holt, President of Myspace Music, a joint-venture with equity stakes from major record labels, said Songtrust provides a much needed music publishing administration solution for the millions of do-it-yourself artists on the network.
Two groups of APP[V717I]-transgenic mice (treatment with administration solution 2 only, n=12; and treatment with administration solution 2+PACAP, n=12) were investigated together with age-matched wild-type FVB/N mice (controls, treated with administration solution 2; n=12).
Three groups of mice were tested in the novel object recognition test following 3 mo of daily treatment: wild-type mice treated with administration solution, APP[V717I]-transgenic mice treated with administration solution, and APP[V717I]-transgenic mice treated with PACAP.
For each time point, 3 mice treated with PACAP in administration solution 1 or 2 were examined.
The PACAP38 solution, administration solution 2 (1 μg/μl in 0.5% chitosan glutamate and 0.5% NaCl in water; pH 4), was prepared as described previously (27).
Mice (1 mo old) were treated with 10 μg PACAP daily for 3 mo, and the control group was treated with administration solution 1 without peptide.
The mice were treated with 10 μg PACAP38 daily, and the control group was treated with administration solution 2 not containing peptide, as described above.
Including chitosan glutamate in the administration buffer (administration solution 2) resulted in enhanced access of PACAP into the brain; ∼2-fold more radioactive PACAP was detected 5 min after application and a slightly increased amount (∼20%) in saturation conditions as compared with PACAP application in administration solution 1 (Fig. 1 B).
For detecting PACAP in the brain, 10 μg PACAP38 and ∼7 × 10 cpm of [I]PACAP27 in administration solution 1 or 2 were applied intranasally to 3-mo-old mice.
Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that PACAP treatment caused a strong reduction (∼50%) of the RAGE mRNA level compared with administration solution-treated mice (Fig. 7 C).
