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We examine the practice of military conscription around the world from the perspective of two standard theories, and a new one, which emphasizes the fixed cost of introducing and administering the draft as a deterrent to its use.
Face validity was assessed by administering the draft BirthMARQ to five women who had experienced birth.
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Women were administered the draft MFMCQ via telephone eight months post-birth.
NCCAM staff members reviewed successive drafts for face validity and item phrasing, and an NCCAM staff member trained in cognitive interviewing techniques administered the draft questionnaire to nine NCCAM staff members with various cultural and academic backgrounds to better refine the questionnaire before it underwent cognitive testing with volunteers from the general public.
Eighth, we put the questionnaire to the test by administering the first draft to eight Hong Kong students of Spanish with identical cultural and linguistic background as the target participants, and asked them to complete it and comment on their understanding (or lack of it) of the questions.
Selective Service System, independent federal agency in the United States created to administer the military draft nationwide to conscript troops quickly in the event of war.
During Phase 2, we administered the first draft of the HPATHI to a convenience sample of third-year medical students enrolled at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) in Houston, Texas.
The second phase and after modifying the items according the nursing students' suggestions we administered the first draft of the EBP-COQ (62 items) to a convenience sample of second and third year nursing students enrolled at Faculty of Nursing in Spain.
We administered the GeDI-Draft 1 to upper-division biology students (Table 2).
First, we administered the GeDI-Draft 3 to 593 students enrolled in four different courses at three institutions (Table 2).
We administered the GeDI-Draft 2 to 85 upper-division biology students (Table 2) and evaluated each statement by calculating difficulty (i.e., how challenging a statement is for students) and discrimination (i.e., how well an item distinguishes between high- and low-performing students).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com