Insulin administered at different physiological concentrations under NG conditions caused a concentration-dependent increase in phospho-Ser473AKT, which was statistically significant at the concentration of 10−9 and 10−8 M (Fig. 3).
By contrast to NaSH, administration of a slow-release H2S donor, such as GYY4137, provides a continuous low level of H2S and thus is typically administered at higher dosages to generate physiological effects.
The CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 and the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK) were dissolved in a solution of 5% DMSO, 5% Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid Spain) and 90% physiological saline, and administered at 1 mg/kg, i.p. 15 min before each THC injection.
Sodium acetate salt was administered at a pH of 7 buffered in physiological saline to avoid gut inflammation and visceral pain.
Self-report, behavioural and physiological measures will be administered at pre-treatment, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and 3 and 6-month follow-up.
To evaluate the analgesic and physiological effects of epidural morphine administered at the sixth and seventh lumbar or the fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae in dogs undergoing thoracotomy.
THC (THC Pharm, Frankfurt, Germany) was dissolved in a solution of 5% ethanol, 5% cremophor EL (Sigma Chemical, Madrid, Spain) and 90% physiological saline (0.9%), and administered at 3 mg/kg, i.p. 1 h before each MDMA injection.
Holstein cows (n = 9) were used in an experiment to characterize the behavioral and endocrine responses to estradiol-17β when administered at rates designed to maintain peripheral concentrations within a physiological range.
Hoechst 33342 was freshly prepared in 1 ml physiological saline per 100 g body weight, and administered at 40 mg kg−1 intravenously via the tail vein.
It should be noted that the majority of in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that insulin glargine is not associated with increased mitogenic activity at physiological concentrations [ 25– 28], and that mitogenicity is only seen in studies using cancer cell lines and when insulin is administered at supraphysiological concentrations [ 24, 26].
