The conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms which are widely administered dermally are gels, creams, and ointments.
None of the dosages of each carbamate administered dermally produced clinical manifestations associated with toxicity in rats.
Although the maximum dose that could be administered dermally was similar to the lowest orally administered dose, which produced little systemic toxicity, these results suggested that oral and dermal exposure routes might affect the animals similarly (National Toxicology Program 1992).
MVA85A was administered intra-dermally to two groups of volunteers with increasing evidence of prior mycobacterial exposure.
The vaccine was administered intra-dermally over the insertion of the left deltoid muscle, at a dose of 5×107 plaque forming units (pfu) of MVA85A (135 µl).
In the first study, volunteers were vaccinated with BCG (a single immunisation with BCG SSI strain, 100 µl administered intra-dermally, n = 9).
In the second study, volunteers were vaccinated with BCG (SSI strain, 100 µl administered intra-dermally) and 4 weeks later were vaccinated with a single immunisation with 5×107 pfu MVA85A, intradermally into the contralateral arm to the BCG immunisation (n = 10).
BCG vaccine (BCG-Denmark) is administered intra-dermally, on the right upper arm at birth or at first contact (dosage 0.05 ml up to 11 months and 0.10mls after the 11 months).
The TST (Mantoux method; 2 tuberculin units purified protein derivative; Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen) was administered intra-dermally on the volar aspect of the left forearm by trained standardized study nurses, and read within 48 72 hours using the ball-point and ruler method and callipers.
However, results from animal studies primarily dietary studies that affected body weight gain showed alterations in liver, kidney, and reproductive organs in rats and mice administered BP-3 dermally and orally (National Toxicology Program 1992).
In a human pharmacokinetic study, the chlorpyrifos doses administered either orally or dermally resulted in the excretion of TCPY in the urine of participants (Nolan et al. 1984).
