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It is a sanction of last resort".
Specifically, we estimate the effect of a sanction on those individuals who are not sanctioned by an agency with a cautious sanction policy, but who would be sanctioned if the agency decided to impose sanctions more frequently.
Using Z1 as an instrument, the estimate of θ depicts the LATE of a sanction on those individuals who are sanctioned in an agency that frequently imposes sanctions and who would not be sanctioned in another (more reserved) agency.
In 44% of the reported cases, a sanction was imposed.
Hence, the welfare agency may immediately impose a sanction.
This is a sanction theory of rights, akin to Mill's sanction theory of duty.
But if we reject the sanction theory of duty, why accept a sanction theory of rights?
IHHP interventions were also hampered by the absence of sanctions: "... Implementation of any action should be backed by a sanction.
For example, while less than 1% of physicians with no sanctions from 1994 to 1998 received a sanction during 1999 2002, more than 20% of physicians receiving moderate/severe sanctions in the first period recidivated in the subsequent time period.
It was not possible to establish the date a sanction was imposed or the reason why a sanction had been imposed from the available data.
Minimized jail time is retained as a sanction for failure to conform to the monitoring requirements.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com