Chinese women had a lower risk of dying than White women, which was largely unaffected by adjustment (fully adjusted HR=0.66, P=0.088).
However, the association for tyrosine was particularly marked among the South Asian participants even after full adjustment (fully adjusted OR for a 1 SD increment in the log-transformed level: 1.47 [1.85] 1.85] vs Europeans: 1.10 [0.87, 1.39]; ethnicity × tyrosine interaction p = 0.045 (fully adjusted)).
Results from the overall survival analysis in male lung cancer patients, sequentially adjusted for age, socioeconomic deprivation, stage of disease and treatment, are shown in Table 2. Bangladeshi men had the highest overall survival estimate, and this was largely unaffected by further adjustment (fully adjusted hazard ratio 0.46; P<0.001).
It is unclear whether these adjustments were fully sufficient to adjust for disease activity, and therefore there might be remaining confounders (and confounding by indication, that is, that the start of TNFi treatment is per se an indicator of more severe RA disease).
No set of adjustments can fully shield the very old or the poor, but the Obama package is robust and well designed.
Further adjustment (in the fully adjusted model) was then made for the known TGCT risk factors: history of cryptorchidism and family history of testicular cancer.
Figure 1 shows the spline curves for each of the four sequential models from the unadjusted model (solid line) through varying degrees of adjustment to the fully adjusted model (long dash dotted line).
Never-smoking participants who lived with a smoker compared with those who did not live with a smoker had an age, gender and region adjusted HR for CHD of 2.17 (95% CI 0.97 to 4.84) strengthening to 2.41 (95% CI 1.04 to 5.59) on full adjustment, and a fully adjusted HR for stroke of 0.69 (95% CI 0.16 to 2.94).
Adjustment for partner smoking (fully adjusted model) attenuated associations with all three classes, but these associations remained.
However, adjustments may not fully compensate for under-represented groups.
