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In contrast, other studies [ 9– 11, 20] have shown that the age effect remained even after adjustments for duration of diabetes, treatment modality, BMI and emotional distress, supporting the true age effects, which was similarly noted in the current study.
In addition to the aforementioned adjustments for duration of breastfeeding, age at operation, and country of origin, we took this into account in the supplemental analysis by excluding the boys who were older than 5 years when the fat biopsy was taken, which provided similar results.
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To establish the final hazard model, variables remaining significant in univariate regression and then after adjustment for duration and HbA1c were retained for a fully adjusted model.
Risk estimates did not change more than marginally after adjustment for duration of breastfeeding and age at gluten introduction (Model A: adjusted HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.69-2.56) or when adding first-year childhood infections and maternal education level (Model B: adjusted HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.66-2.48).
The presence of residual renal function was protective against mortality (odds ratio for death, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.24 to 0.81; P = 0.008), even after adjustment for duration of dialysis treatment, age, smoking, presence of diabetes, presence of cardiovascular disease, serum albumin level, and urea reduction rate.
Results were similar after adjustment for duration of diabetes.
The multivariate RR estimates are given both with and without adjustment for duration of HC use.
This remained significant after adjustment for duration of follow-up, gender and parental smoking.
However, after adjustment for duration of diabetes, the association was no longer significant (P = 0.11).
These results remained after adjustment for duration of organized physical activity.
After adjustment for duration of exposure, the odds ratio was virtually unchanged (2.4, 1.7 to 3.4).
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