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Change of maternal creatine status (increased creatine synthesis and reduced creatine excretion) may be a necessary adjustment of maternal physiology to pregnancy to meet the metabolic demands of maternal tissues, the placenta and developing fetus.
As creatine delivery to the placenta and fetus appears to be of maternal origin in precocial species, changes to maternal creatine homeostasis maybe a necessary adjustment of maternal metabolism to pregnancy in much the same way that alterations to glucose, amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid and fatty acid metabolism are required to support growing maternal tissues, the placenta and fetus [ 2].
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Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were preformed after adjustment of confounders (maternal age, parity, triplets, gestational age, sex, and small for gestational age).
With adjustment of other maternal characteristics, participants who consumed more than 319 μg/day of dietary folate compared to participants with dietary folate consumption <319 μg/day were approximately twice as likely to have dietary nitrite consumption at the highest quartile of intake across the second through fourth quartiles of dietary folate intake.
We then performed logistic regression analysis of the association between socioeconomic deprivation category and each of the major causes of death and assessed the effect of statistical adjustment for maternal characteristics, smoking status, and gestational age.
Of these, adjustment for maternal education resulted in the largest change of the estimate.
After additional adjustment for maternal country of origin and parity (which were highly intercorrelated), the increase was no longer statistically significant.
b Adjustment for maternal age; region of residence; number of children; family structure; maternal education; maternal employment; alcohol consumption during the preceding month; body mass index; and baby's gender.
a Adjustment for maternal age; region of residence; number of children; family structure; maternal education; maternal employment; alcohol consumption during the preceding month; body mass index; and gestational age.
a Adjustment for maternal age; region of residence; number of children; family structure; maternal education; maternal employment; alcohol consumption during the preceding month; body mass index; gestational age; and baby's gender.
The neighborhood SES variable is also a modest predictor of preterm birth, both crudely and after adjustment for maternal age, sex of child, parity and maternal education.
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