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Secondary analyses were also performed at the suggestion of the referees, with adjustment for practice as a covariate (that is, adjusting for confounding by practice) and also with practice as a cluster variable (that is, adjusting for clustering by practice).
If PS matching had achieved an exact or near exact match between case and comparison practices, differences in observed practice characteristics between the physicians in the treatment and comparison groups might have been negligible, making covariate adjustment for practice characteristics in a multivariate regression unnecessary.
Indeed the relationships with social class increased (in terms of magnitude and significance) after adjustment for practice characteristics.
The marked trend to improvement in follow up arrangements lost its statistical significance after adjustment for practice effects and baseline differences.
After adjustment for practice site (n = 27) and for baseline CHD risk, a similar proportion of patients in all three groups were still at high risk.
Depending on the situation, adjustment for practice organisation may also be appropriate, but as practice organisation may be closely interwoven with other organisational aspects, this may blur important differences between practices that ought to be addressed.
Similar(49)
Any apparent association in the PROG-RES III dataset was attenuated by adjustment for other practice characteristics.
This model does not allow adjustment for inter-practice and inter-patient variation (which we know to be present) and we therefore expected the model estimates to be biased.
For hypertension, the variance at practice level dropped 24.1% after adjustment for patient and practice characteristics, resulting in a range between practices of 66.3 to 181.7 per 1000 patients.
For nulliparous women the chance of an instrumental birth was also higher in these practices, even after adjustment for maternal and practice characteristics.
After adjustment for individual and practice characteristics, no consistent pattern of better or poorer health in people living in rural areas was found, compared to primary cities.
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