Cervical screening, for example, is thought to be more effective in detecting squamous cell than adenocarcinomas (Mitchell et al, 1995; Bergstrom et al, 1999); while all studies in this meta-analysis provided results adjusted for screening, the extent of adjustment was variable.
The final models were adjusted for screening predictors and, when appropriate, for use of other classes of NSAIDs.
This protocol was adjusted for screen-printed electrode modification.
Adjusted for screening age.
When the noncompliance among the men who were actually screened was adjusted for, screening was assessed to have reduced mortality from prostate cancer by 27% [ 39].
The chance to participate was 50percentt higher in women aged 50 54 of Turkish origin compared to women without Turkish origin adjusted for screening unit.
We then compared chances of overall participation adjusted for age-group and screening unit, as well as chances of participation for 5-year age-groups adjusted for screening unit, between women of Turkish origin and women without Turkish origin.
For the intermediate hypothesis, we adjusted for screening compliance assuming that the non respondent women compliant to screening have the same coverage as the respondents compliant to screening, and that the non-respondent women non-compliant to screening have the same coverage as the respondent non-compliant to screening.
Furthermore, we adjusted for screening examination (chest radiograph, gastric radiograph, gastrointestinal endoscopy, fecal occult blood test, barium enema, colonoscopy for men and women, mammography, and Papanicolaou smear for women) and nuclear family (father, mother, brothers, and sisters) history of any cancer, but the results did not substantially change.
In most countries, the upward trend in incidence occurred across the age groups 35 49, 50 64 and 65 74 years [ 14], and as a result, attributing the time trend to period and cohort influences is difficult, although in studies that have examined unscreened women, or have adjusted for screening effects, cohort effects are evident in Denmark [ 21- 23], Norway [ 24] and Sweden [ 25].
Because we are unable to adjust for screening survival biases, the proportional contribution by factors other than screening is underestimated.
