Hence, we adjusted for proxy-reported physical activity (total daily duration of outdoor playing in minutes) in preliminary analyses (data not shown).
Although few studies adjusted for proxies of socioeconomic status, only one study considered access and utilization of prenatal care.
Also, despite adjusting for proxy indicators, e.g., wealth, exposure to infection might still have differed between the study groups, considering the patchy malaria transmission in Kumasi (6 ).
20 We attempted to reduce potential confounding by factors associated with underlying mood/anxiety disorders by restriction to women with diagnoses of mood/anxiety disorder, adjusting for proxies of severity of indication, and using high dimensional propensity score analysis whereas previous studies did not.
Jeremy Guggenheim, a doctoral student, and colleagues wrote that while there's no way to make a definitive causal link, their study found that when they adjusted for a proxy for educational exposure — the highest educational degree or age at completion of full-time education — they saw a less dramatic association between near-sightedness and birth order.
First, given that one of the suggested biological pathways for the effects of PM2.5 on neurodegeneration is through inflammation (Block et al. 2007), adjusting for prior admissions for cardiovascular causes, that is, MI and CHF, might have meant that we adjusted for a proxy for a potential mediator (inflammation).
To be on the Honor Roll, a letter has to get a B (be above the median performer) in both up and down markets, adjusted for risk (volatility the proxy for risk favored by finance academics).
In a subgroup of 4,838 participants with impedance measurements (3,627 men and 1,211 women), the confounding role of muscle mass in the associations between decreased GFR and all factors under study was addressed by adjusting for the proxy of LMI (ie, bioimpedance analysis index).
FINANCE PROFESSOR turned investment-letter guru Marty Zweig, 55, has created not one but two top-performing letters: the Zweig Forecast (rated top performer by the Hulbert Financial Digest 1980-95, after which it gave market-timing advice only) and the Zweig Performance Ratings Report (top performer 1983-97; both performances are adjusted for volatility, the academic proxy for risk).
We also adjusted for the design variables proxy respondent status and for the hospital where subjects were diagnosed.
