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To adjust for energy intake, we categorized the women according to their energy-adjusted intake of each dairy variable (except childhood milk consumption and the combined child/adult consumption variable) and also added total energy intake (in quartiles) to the model.
However, some studies suggest that protein might be more important than glucose [ 11, 12], although Casaer et al. did not adjust for energy intake [ 12].
In order to adjust for energy, the residual method was applied using log-transformed variables of total energy, vitamin D and calcium intakes [ 26].
Thus, the subsequent analysis did not adjust for energy intake, percentage of macronutrients derived from energy, fiber, sodium intake as well as physical activity levels.
To adjust for energy intake, all food groups and nutrients were expressed in weight unit per 1000 kcal or percentage of total energy.
We used a residual nutrient method (diseases risk= β1 nutrient residual+ β2 total energy) established by Willett et al (1988) to adjust for energy intake for betaine and total choline and its subclasses.
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However, all the ICCs decreased after adjusting for energy.
After adjusting for energy, all the ICCs decreased.
Therefore, feeding the obesigenic diets decreased the average energy output rate by 1.2±0.5 kcal/d after adjusting for energy intake (P<0.05).
The association between ED (per 1 kcal/g increase) and ΔWCBMI was further adjusted for energy derived from drinks.
We adjusted for energy intake by the residual method [ 25].
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