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The second correction, on the other hand, deals with the adjacency effect.
Adjacency effect of layered clouds is clarified by means of Monte Carlo simulation.
Then the coefficient of spatial neighboring effect was introduced to characterize the adjacency effect on ecosystem services, and to generate the index of integrated ecosystem health.
In comparison, a relatively minor adjacency effect was observed within the near-infrared and over the more reflective bare soil and desert sites.
It is also found that the adjacency effect of the double layered cloud is greater than that of single layer cloud (the top layer cloud of the layered cloud is dominant in this case).
In this way, one obtains realistically simulated hyperspectral and directional top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance images, with all major effects included, such as heterogeneity of the landscape, non-Lambertian reflectance of the land surface, the atmospheric adjacency effect, and the limited spatial resolution of the instrument.
Similar(54)
Adjacency effects have been amply observed for biotic (plants and animals) and abiotic components of ecosystems.
Failure to correct for adjacency effects increased the overall surface reflectance MAD to around 18%.
Overall, the impact of adjacency effects was substantial (20 25% MAD) for all of the studied vegetation indices.
Indeed, surface reflectances in the visible bands were reduced by up to 60% after correction for such adjacency effects.
Low radiometric resolution of the sensor, small size of many lakes (= large adjacency effects) and high concentration of CDOM (negligible water leaving radiation) could be the reasons.
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