To pave the way for the application of adipose tissue engineered products in clinical trials or as reliable and robust in vitro test systems, sera should be completely excluded from the production process.
Although, initially, adipokines were considered to determine their association with eating disorders and diabetes, later studies revealed that adipose tissue products play an important role in the regulation of immune response and systemic inflammatory processes.
All adipose tissue products seem to contribute significantly in various metabolic processes both at local and systemic levels and may induce proinflammatory state and oxidative damage, leading to initiation and progression of atherosclerosis [ 4].
Adipose tissue products are involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension [ 1]; moreover, as an endocrine organ, through its release of various adipokines, adipose tissue can influence the transport and metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins [ 2, 3], glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity [ 4, 5] and can promote subclinical inflammation [ 6].
This is compatible with the decline in the other adipose tissue lipolytic product, glycerol, which is the preferred substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis in newborns (18, 19); gluconeogenesis should be increased where insulin resistance occurs.
These functions depend on the quantity, location, consistency, and bioactive products of adipose tissue.
Presumably, adipose tissue and its products may have some impact on numerous pathways of response to trauma, sepsis and stress.
Additional contributors may be endocrine and/or inflammatory products of adipose tissue, a novel finding to our knowledge.
Our study shows that visceral fat is also associated with hand OA, implying that adipose tissue and its products can be involved in hand OA.
The results raise the possibility that circulating products of adipose tissue such as adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines are harmful to β-cells.
