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The 3D-assembled spheroids in the PCL microwells expressed higher levels of salivary epithelial markers (α-amylase and AQP5), tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), adherence protein (E-cadherin), and cytoskeletal protein (F-actin) than those on the Matrigel and PCL.
Fbp is an adherence protein [52] and its expression has been shown to modulate microbial adhesion [53].
It is thus speculated that LukS-PV signal peptide behaves like Eap (extracellular adherence protein, also known as Map and p70), an adhesin with broad binding specificity but with particular affinity for the extracellular matrix and plasma proteins, which binds to the S. aureus cell wall by a sortase-independent mechanism.
Additionally, the following strains defective in cell wall components were used: S. aureus SA113 Δypf::ermB (about 87% reduced lipoteichoic acid content), S. aureus SA113 ΔtagO (defective in producing wall teichoic acid) and S. aureus Newman mAH12 (defective in producing the extracellular adherence protein EAP).
Furthermore, S. aureus strains defective in certain cell wall components known to be important for pathogenicity [e.g., lipoteichoic acid [18], wall teichoic acid [19], extracellular adherence protein [20]] were not impaired in their ability of inducing HIF-1 activation (Fig. 5).
Secretion of other superantigens by S. aureus, such as Map/Eap (MHC Class II analogous protein/extracellular adherence protein), bind to T-cell receptors and directly thwart T cell responses by reducing T cell proliferation, altering effector functions, and stimulating apoptosis [7].
Similar(52)
Other proteins involved in this process include PlyB glycanase (which affects EPS processing), cadherin-like proteins (calcium-binding adherence proteins), and Rhizobium-adhering proteins (Raps) secreted via Type I secretion system encoded in R. leguminosarum by the prsD and prsE genes [ 11, 23, 24].
These adherence proteins represent possible targets for the development of novel antimalarial drugs.
The reliance of F. succinogenes on membrane-bound adherence proteins may also be correlated to its protein secretion systems.
The presence of lipoproteins OspA and OspB, adherence proteins DbpA and DbpB [26], and outer membrane-spanning (Oms 28) protein implicate this plasmid as important for B. burgdorferi survival in both tick and mammalian hosts [28].
Lp9 also showed good in vitro hydrophobicity, cellular autoaggregation, and the presence of genes for mucus-binding and fibronectin-binding adherence proteins as well as bile salt hydrolase enzyme, suggesting the survival and colonization potential of Lp9 in the GI tract.
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