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B. bronchiseptica adhered to host cells almost exclusively to GM1-enriched lipid raft microdomains and BteA colocalized to these same sites following T3SS-mediated translocation.
Fluorescent parasites adhered to host cells (in blue) were counted using an Eclipse 80i epifluorescence microscope (Nikon) and the NIS-Elements BR 2.1 software (Nikon) (Table 3).
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A necessary step in the successful colonization and progression of disease by microbial pathogens is the ability to adhere to host surfaces [8].
To do so requires that the bacterium evade complement-mediated killing and adhere to host cell surfaces and/or extracellular matrices, especially epithelial and endothelial basement membranes.
Also, a pXO1-encoded S-layer protein (BslA) was recently shown to play a role in the ability of B. anthracis vegetative cells to adhere to host cells [36].
Colonization is crucial to pathogenesis of bacteria, being the earliest stage during onset of the disease and the ability to adhere to host surfaces is by far the most vital step in the successful colonization by microbial pathogens [7], [8].
The pathogenesis of the fungus is attributed to a number of virulence factors, including its ability to adhere to host cells, form biofilm, and secrete hydrolytic enzymes such as lipases, aspartic proteinases and phospholipases [2].
AphB mutants are less virulent than wild-type strains [ 66], and show a reduced ability to adhere to host cells.
It has a moderately to high virulence and produces so-called "sticky eggs" that can adhere to host tissue to evade full encapsulation.
Defined DIP1281 mutant cells of C. diphtheriae completely lacked the ability to adhere to host cells and to invade these [ 66].
Recent work has also demonstrated that lactobacilli can interfere with the ability of pathogens such Trichomonas vaginalis to adhere to host cells [ 23].
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