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The program's overall orientation and that of its component projects were firmly oriented toward addressing upstream modifiable determinants of health.
As such, addressing upstream drivers such as trade policy could form an essential part of strategies to improve population nutrition.
Providing decision makers from the municipal governments with information on policies aimed at addressing upstream determinants alongside health indicators should be encouraged further to promote knowledge on their role in addressing health inequalities.
High levels of illiteracy or semi-literacy, extreme poverty and high unemployment all aggravate the extent to which workers experience hazardous exposure, and the extent to which, given a particular hazardous exposure, workers are able to protect themselves and their families [ 23], highlighting the challenges of addressing upstream social determinants of health.
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Addressing problems upstream will prevent conflicts in the future, officials insist.
Our gene expression profiling shows that ERK2 plays a role in mesoderm development based on additional mesoderm markers (e.g. spt/ tbx16, tbx6), but importantly also by addressing the upstream signaling mechanisms involved in mesoderm initiation and maintenance.
In addition, we need effective ways at implementing such interventions at scale and addressing the upstream determinants of TB as laid out by WHO's End TB Strategy for the post 2015 horizon [ 9].
Addressing the upstream end by restricting fish consumption and discouraging trade of select fishes based on size or region of origin (Sadovy 1999; Wong et al. 2005) may be effective in the short term for developed nations; however, it is not universally applicable in Pacific island nations, where livelihood and socioeconomic status is dependent on fish consumption.
According to the authors, there are three key components for improved access: availability (addressing both "upstream" issues of product discovery and development and "downstream" challenges of national pharmaceutical supply systems), affordability (sustainable funding and low prices), and safe and effective medicine use (rational use, quality and safety) [ 35].
The nation must embrace an approach that addresses these upstream determinants of health.
We therefore addressed the upstream events regulating Rac 1 activation as well as the role of Rac in androgen-induced cell motility of NIH3T3 fibroblasts.
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