While such an approach shows some promise in addressing drivers, in comparison to previous integrated conservation and development approaches (ICDP) that pre-date REDD +, it is nonetheless still limited in its ability to do so.
In the second case, the challenges are about choices or optimal mixes between multiple policies and instruments such as "sparing" and "sharing" for addressing drivers of deforestation and payments, rewards and/or co-investments in the achievement of multiple co-benefits of emission reductions.
The question should not be 'old conservation' (based on intrinsic value and protected areas) vs 'new conservation (addressing drivers and other loosely defined interventions).
For countries affected by conflict or at risk of it, peacebuilding plays a crucial role in repositioning UNICEF programming through addressing drivers that undermine social cohesion, human security and individual resilience to withstand and recover from shocks.
Households facing 'extreme' costs are therefore largely a subset of those facing catastrophic costs; identifying and addressing drivers of 'extreme' costs (other than income variation) can therefore be seen as a stepping-stone towards the goal of eliminating catastrophic costs entirely.
