Another extensively addressed confounding factor in postmortem brain studies is sample pH [36], [55], [56].
However, the evidence on depression and pregnancy outcomes has been criticized for inadequately addressing confounding [ 20], including socio-economic factors [ 19, 21], psychiatric diagnoses [ 22] and pregnancy complications [ 23, 24], and it is often unclear whether depression and anxiety diagnoses precede or follow pregnancy complications [ 25].
In their overview of important gaps to fill and ways to do so, the commentary authors recommended better addressing possible confounding factors via thorough biochemical analyses of water being consumed and collection of data on other potential sources of radiation, such as diet, smoking, occupational exposures, and radiation from radon or other sources in the home.
We also assessed the representativeness of the study participants; methods for ascertaining exposure; comparability of exposure groups (including unexposed) in terms of age, sex, socioeconomic status, non-response bias, health outcomes, determination, and validation of outcomes; internal validity; and assessment and addressing of confounding factors.
Nevertheless, it was possible to address confounding by these factors by excluding all patients who had ever been recorded with a diagnosis linked with tobacco smoking or high alcohol consumption in the Patient Register.
To address confounding, we considered eight factors measured in this study potentially related to both the current blood Hg concentration and autism.
Here, we developed a cross-scale modelling capability that connects leaf photosynthesis to crop yield in a manner that addresses the confounding factors.
This paper addresses potential confounding factors in dealing with the experimental design of nanomaterial toxicity studies and their interpretation.
Although the extent of angiographic disease is a strong predictor of clinical outcome, further studies in larger and unselected populations will also be needed to examine the potential role of gene expression patterns in predicting outcome and to address potential confounding factors.
Similarly, ecological studies have been unable to address relevant confounding factors adequately.
Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to address potential confounding factors.
