While this model provides for simplicity, it incurs a longer delay between any two slave devices due to far from optimal packet forwarding, the use of double the bandwidth, and also additional energy wastage at the Master.
As a result, this increases the hop count and introduces additional overhead and wastage of sensor energy.
It was estimated that 4768 additional doses (excluding wastage) were ordered throughout the 12 months of the program, covering 37% of the eligible cohort (12,981/35,083).
Without this wastage an additional 11 million inhabitants could have fresh water.
Drugs costs were inflated 20% over actual costs to adjust for wastage, then an additional 10% for local transport, and finally an additional 10% for international transport when cost, insurance, and freight prices were not available.
In addition, the frequent start-stop of the diesel generator leads to additional mechanical wear and fuel wastage.
Additional methods to prevent a wastage of energy can be implemented based on the knowledge of the PTF, which will be discussed later on [1].
It is also feasible that not all published trials were identified, although if publications were available beyond the comprehensive search strategy used in this study, their lack of visibility presents an additional barrier contributing to resource wastage.
The program costs included the costs of vaccine doses needed to vaccinate the yearly birth cohorts with 2 doses, a 10% vaccine wastage, and an additional US $267,300 to cover the costs of upgrading the cold chain for rotavirus vaccine in the first year of introduction.
Specific conservation targets were set, voluntary rationing was requested, outdoor irrigation was restricted, and standing ordinances that prohibit water wastage were reinforced through additional reminders and publicity (Fig. 7).
At a unit cost between US$5.22 (urban health facilities) to 9.4 in rural facilities per vaccine dose, estimated from subsidised GAVI alliance prices[ 11] in additional to administrative cost and vaccine wastage from primary cost data.
