We have shown a reduced cost per detection of one case of residual CIN2 3 lesion if HPV-load assessment were to be included in addition to the standard Pap smear.
These problems, in addition to the inherent limitations of the Pap test, have led many researchers in Brazil to evaluate alternative or supplementary techniques such as the hybrid capture test (HPV-DNA test) and the currently available vaccine against the most carcinogenic genotypes of HPV.
It has also been reported that NrnA (YtqI) orthologs from Bacillus subtilis, M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium pneumoniae, and Streptococcus mutans can also catalyze the hydrolysis of pAp, in addition to the hydrolysis of short pieces of single-stranded RNA.
In addition to the opportunistic screening strategy based on Pap smears recommended every 3 years for women 25 to 65 years old, HPV vaccination was introduced in the immunisation schedule in 2007.
As shown above, use of an endocervical sampling device in addition to the SurePath broom did not enhance the usefulness of the SurePath Pap.
In addition to the cytology laboratory test (NHLS charge of $4.89, having excluded the cost of the collection device), it was assumed that Pap smears are done within the context of an outpatient visit by the woman to a clinic.
Good Addition To The Portfolio?
Although the cost to perform a Pap test at IMSS is $13.20 U.S.D., the average cost to screen one woman aged 20 80 using the Pap test at IMSS is actually $72.19 U.S.D. when one takes into account the cost of false negatives, false positives, true positives, and true negatives, in addition to the cost of the screening test.
In addition to Pap smears, the effectiveness of a variety of other screening technologies, with fewer clinic visits between screening and treatment, has been studied [15], [16] as have two human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines that prevent infection with viral subtypes responsible for the majority of cervical cancers [17], [18].
