Using alanine mutagenesis, we further show that an A51R point mutant with reduced RNA virus rescue ability still forms filamentous structures and stabilizes MTs, suggesting that A51R functions, in addition to MT stabilization, are required for disarming Lepidopteran antiviral immunity.
Mr. Costanza's addition to Mt. Rushmore is, as of writing, not under consideration.
In addition to MT, ZnT1 is also induced by MTF1 and we recently showed that zebrafish Mtf1 is a repressor of zip10 gene expression [ 10, 22, 23].
In addition to MT loss, some axons showed a spatial disorganization of neurofilaments and a variable increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and membranous organelles, findings suggestive of an impairment of fast anterograde transport.
Actin microfilaments which, in addition to MTs, are the other major class of structures of the plant cytoskeleton, should also be considered with respect to their electrical capabilities.
In addition to MTs whose ends were found within 30 nm of the SPB, some MT ends localized more than 200 nm away in hrs1Δ cells, indicating that there is no strong MTOC activity associated with the SPB.
The RCT by von Piekartz and Hall [49] carried out on patients with CGH associated to TMJD, showed that the group that received MT to treat TMJD, in addition to cervical MT, showed significant reduction (that persisted to the 6-month follow-up) in all components of cervical impairment.
This hypothesis is supported by pathological changes encountered in PN induced by vincristine, a Vinka alkaloid drug that impedes polymerization of tubulin into MT. Indeed, previous experimental work has demonstrated that in vincristine-induced PN there is a decreased total number and density of axonal MT in myelinated sensory axons, in addition to altered MT orientation and arrangement.
In addition to the MT network, the Par polarity complex and small GTPases are also involved in the establishment of the front rear polarity characteristic of directionally persistent migration (Pegtel et al, 2007).
The analyzed non-transformed cell types were skin fibroblasts, astrocytes, hepatocytes, human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC), human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), melanocytes, normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), and osteoblasts in addition to Mb, Mt, and ESC.
In addition to the MT components of the axoneme, partially assembled protein modules such as radial spokes (Qin, 2004; Diener et al., 2011), nexin links and central pair projections are important for axonemal function through their roles as cross-linkers and regulators of dMT sliding and bending.
