In the case of addiction, initial exposure to an addictive drug gates on a normally latent craving-suppressing primary pathway thereby setting off the addiction vicious cycle (Fig. 3).
Furthermore, if food reward processing is particularly important for the consumption of highly palatable foods, to the extent that these foods can become addictive to some individuals, 71, 72 then it is also not clear whether, in analogy to drug addiction, repeated exposure to, and abstinence from, these addictive foods independently lead to alterations in reward processing.
He seemed wrecked by years of stress, addiction, and exposure to danger – and at the time that we met him, none of the three seemed likely to be relieved.
The draft would require all nations that sign and ratify the treaty to draw up legislation "for preventing and reducing tobacco consumption, nicotine addiction and exposure to tobacco smoke".
common in control subjects and seemed to confer resilience to addiction after exposure to severe childhood trauma.
In individuals who are vulnerable to addiction, repeated exposure to nicotine induces neuroadaptation (tolerance) to some of the effects of nicotine.
Although most migrants are likely to gain in terms of well-being, migrant women factory workers often have to work under poor working conditions while male workers are at higher risk of drug addiction and exposure to HIV/AIDS, which further burdens their wives and children.
These research works demonstrate the existence of a conserved drug-responsive 'reward' or reinforcement pathway in this teleost (as in all vertebrates), suggesting that this species may show adaptive changes and behavioural correlates of addiction after prolonged exposure to addictive drugs.
There is the same pattern of exposure, addiction, and desensitisation to increasingly hardcore images.
In his time, Jack Bauer survived torture, kidnap, heroin addiction, relentless bereavement, exposure to a weaponised Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease pathogen, actual nuclear explosions and shared screen time with Freddie Prinze Jr.
