Individuals may return to clinical practice after a short period of treatment only to relapse into active addiction, and for the opioid addicted anesthesia resident, this often results in death.
According to the state-sponsored California Climate Change Centre, California's 36m car-addicted residents already breathe America's worst air, with 90% of them living in areas that violate the state's air-quality standards.
With Melanie J. Scheiner, as Hannah; Moshe and Nechama Kessler, as her long-suffering parents; and Theodore Bouloukos, as a shelter resident addicted to decaf coffee.
In this city where 60,000 people, about one in 10 residents, are addicted to narcotics, a simple message appears on billboards, police cruisers, city buses, T-shirts, brochures and in television advertisements: "Believe".
As many as one in 10 residents is addicted, and fatal overdoses have been spiking in recent years, largely due to the prominence of fentanyl, which is being cut into heroin.
The gene's influence may have kept some seven million residents of North America from becoming addicted to nicotine, Dr. Tyndale said.
And residents of Wasilla should be especially addicted to Oxycontin!
"All of them are addicted to some substance," she said of its residents.
"It makes all the pain go away," said Chris, 32, a homeless resident of Hull who has been addicted to heroin for more than eight years.
That means no criminal or disruptive behaviour; but no pressure on residents to immediately go sober if they are addicted to alcohol, for example.
One prominent Columbia resident, a black man, told me that he was addicted to Bessinger's sauce, but that he would never admit it in public.
