Despite adaptive retention strategies including drop-in home visits for participants who could not be contacted by phone (Additional file 1: Table S2), 35% of families did not complete follow-up at 3 months, our primary endpoint.
This pattern intimates that these configurations do not represent transitory stages in a continuing process of limb reduction and provides further evidence for adaptive retention of digits, consistent with Brandley et al.'s [ 5] proposal that intermediate phenotypes may be targets of selection.
This result has important implications for the morphological evolution (and potentially physiological, behavioral, and ecological evolution) within these genera and indicates adaptive convergence, retention of ancestral body form, or both.
That these two genera are not monophyletic suggests that the morphological similarity among species in Tursiops and Stenella (as currently defined) could be due to adaptive convergence, primitive retention of ancestral body form, reversal to ancestral body form (in St .coeruleoalba), or a combination of these factors.
The Secretary shall, in cooperation with the States, encourage the retention, rehabilitation, adaptive reuse, and future study of historic bridges.
Voucher-based reinforcement was associated with better retention, while adaptive stepped-based care was associated with better adherence to scheduled counseling sessions.
Environmental induction of novel phenotypes, where phenotypic retention of adaptive developmental variation is enabled by organismal complexity and homeostasis, can be a starting point in the evolution of some adaptations, but empirical examples are rare.
Documentation of environmental induction and phenotypic retention of adaptive plasticity is the first step in investigating this proposed sequence, and rapid colonization of North America in the last 70 years by the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) – a species native to southwestern United States – provides such an opportunity.
Driven essentially by random genetic drift, subfunctionalization has been identified as a possible non-adaptive mechanism for the retention of duplicate genes in small-population species, where widespread deleterious mutations are likely to cause complementary loss of subfunctions across gene copies.
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However, freezing tapered off by the end of the retention test, reflecting adaptive behavioral changes in the absence of US reinforcement.
