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Small-introduced populations lacking additive genetic variation may be unable to respond to natural selection (Lande and Shannon 1996; but see Huey et al. 2005), but multiple introductions (Lee 2002; Novak 2007; Roman and Darling 2007) or interspecific hybridization (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck 2000) may be sufficient to restore adaptive responsiveness to selection (Prentis et al. 2008).
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The limbic and cortical regions innervated by the locus coeruleus are those thought to be involved in the elaboration of adaptive responses to stress, eliciting increased responsiveness to excitatory stimuli when previously experienced stimuli occur again.
This physiological responsiveness leads to a series of changes at the protein level as an adaptive response to water stress.
Unfortunately, other functional tests to precisely assay the adaptive responsiveness of T cells (for example, response to antigens, specific cytotoxicity, and so on) are scarce.
These modifications tend to decrease the capacity for adaptive responsiveness and wound healing, and therefore enhance its susceptibility to disorders and death.
Systemic immune activation is impaired after such a profound depletion of CD4+ memory T cells in the mucosa, affecting pathogen-specific adaptive responsiveness.
Early events, including antigen shuttling to secondary lymphoid organs and recruitment of innate immune cells for adaptive immune response, determine host responsiveness to antigens.
We focused attention on CD4 T-lymphocytes of the patients, given the singular role of these cells in orchestrating adaptive immune responses [18], and their responsiveness to IPF-associated intrapulmonary antigen(s) [13].
Respiratory sensitization is an immunological state of the respiratory tract that results from specific adaptive immune responses to antigenic exposure, leading to heightened immunological responsiveness after subsequent exposures to the sensitizing antigen.
Cells in the innate immune system can display adaptive characteristics that lead to increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation by pathogens.
As a simple measure of a changing voltage distribution, we quantified adaptive trends in a cell's responsiveness to repeated stimulation.
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