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These results differ from the classical pattern of short-term adaptation to prism-altered apparent visual direction, which includes mainly proprioceptive/motor adaptive components, with a smaller visual component.
Further, adaptive components such as deferred resting of grazing sites to protect forage plants during critical life stages are important in influencing vegetation dynamics (Linstädter et al. 2013).
However, beyond the physical barrier there are important biochemical and physiological protective mechanisms, a major component of which is the immune system, which can be divided into innate (non-adaptive) and cognate (adaptive) components.
It is known that even the adaptive components of the immune system are based on genetic traits common to all individuals, and that diversity is shaped by the lifelong contacts with different non-self antigens, including those found on infectious pathogens.
Urban infrastructure systems are analogous to ecological systems because they are interconnected, complex and adaptive components that exchange material, information and energy among themselves and to and from the environment, and exhibit characteristic scaling properties that can be expressed by Zipf's Law.
Both innate and adaptive components of the immune system are represented.
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This results in a new approach known as adaptive component substitution[52 54].
To completely compensate this error, an adaptive component (output of a neural network) is added in the control law.
The starting of the adaptive component is less than 1 s and the adaptive action is less than 0.1 s with the checkpoint interval of 20 s.
The cost function is the variance of the filter output, known as output energy (OE), and is minimized over the adaptive component x 1[i] subject to the constraint 〈c[i], s 1〉=1 [15].
This subspace approach analysis shows also that the transient behavior of the MOE learning curve just depends on the largest K−1 eigenvalues of the equivalent matrix autocorrelation when the adaptive component is initialized in x 1[0]=0 [1[0]=0
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