On P4, all pups were anesthetized by hypothermia for 5 min [23] and placed in an adapted stereotactic apparatus using aseptic conditions.
By adapting an apparatus from Joseph et al. [24], we have quantified these decisions in thousands of individuals, and established a system that can be used for genome-wide association studies of decision-making behavior.
Figure 13 Schematic of the modified PGSS apparatus adapted from Vezzù et al. [71].
Brachiopods have a lophophore, a coiled, rigid cartilaginous internal apparatus adapted for filter feeding, a feature shared with two other major groups of marine invertebrates, the bryozoans and the phoronids.
The ladder was adapted from the apparatus of Lee et al. [ 12].
Anesthetized pups were positioned in a stereotaxic apparatus adapted for neonatal surgery (TSE Systems GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany).
The spontaneous object recognition (OR) task was conducted as previously described for mice (Romberg et al., 2013), using a Y-shaped apparatus adapted for mice.
Previously trained mice adapted to rotarod apparatus (3 cm in diameter, 8 rpm) for 120 seconds and at least two times for each animal.
Object recognition was conducted as previously described for rats (McTighe et al., 2010), using a Y-shaped apparatus adapted for mice (Bartko et al., 2007 b ) (Fig. 1).
The animals were adapted to the apparatus by receiving training sessions during four weeks, sufficient to reach a baseline level of performance.
Skin burns were produced on the backs of all animals, after the same anesthetic procedure, by applying an aluminum plate measuring 2 cm in diameter adapted to an apparatus that maintained a constant temperature of 120 °C.
