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The International Tests Commission established a number of recommendations designed to minimize the error in the process of adaptation of instruments.
The translation and cultural adaptation of instruments is an internationally recognized method [ 10- 14].
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for translation and adaptation of instruments were followed [ 16].
The translation procedure was based on the World Health Organization guidelines for translation process and adaptation of instruments [ 66].
The adaptation of instruments such as the STOPP/START criteria for HIV-infected patients will require additional investigation.
The validation and adaptation of instruments related to oral health is important to ensure the comparability and usefulness of research results [ 7, 10, 14, 15].
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Other risks included convenience or limited sampling, which could lead to selection bias; non-representative sample and weak adaptation of instrument leading to social desirability bias.
Manson [ 14] discusses adaptation of instrument items in terms of comprehensibility (meaning of item is evident), acceptability (item is not offensive), relevance (item relates to the underlying construct) and completeness (item fully covers equivalents between cultures).
This is also true for translation and cultural adaptations of instruments to different languages.
Many of the assessment tools used to study depression among older people are adaptations of instruments developed in other cultural setting.
Adaptation of existing instruments and/or unsystematic literature searches only were the source for item identification of 33 instruments (31.7%), and expert input only or expert input additionally to literature and adaptation was the source for item identification of 14 instruments (13.5%).
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