This bond, the nitrogen analog of a sulfoxide, appears to have arisen at the divergence of sponge and cnidaria, an adaptation of the extracellular matrix in response to mechanical stress in metazoan evolution.
The drastic expansion of this gene family in the land plant lineage is regarded as a plant-specific adaptation for extracellular signal sensing and propagation [ 15, 16].
Indeed, the gradual adaptation of cells to extracellular signals had been proposed to permit the sensing and transduction of concentration ranges of signals in several situations (Matthews and Reisert, 2003).
Transiently decreasing the mRNA abundance of highly transcribed and stable proteins may reflect the cell's adaptation to the absence of extracellular nitrogen, given that ammonia required for RNA and protein de novo synthesis has to be salvaged from dispensable cellular components.
Both of these phenotypes have been linked with cell senescence or cellular adaptations to extracellular stresses [ 26, 30].
23 Although the significance of this reduction remains to be explained, it could be a result of intracellular adaptation to the pregnancy-induced reduction of extracellular osmolality.
Recent evidence indicates that the muscle adaptation to training may involve remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) by upregulation of major players of the ECM control network, MMP-2 and MMP-9 (also known as gelatinases).
In a novel experiment, we alter the distribution of extracellular signaling, and observe adaptation based on optimizing signal transmission.
Such changes in fat cell volume may alter the demand of nutrient and oxygen support by the microvasculature, thereby necessitating an adaptation of the structure of the extracellular matrix.
This feature, combined with the high biofilm production observed in the present study, can suggest a better adaptation of these isolates to the extracellular milieu.
