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The most frequent reasons for exclusion were no measurement of self-efficacy or lack of clarity because of limited reporting (n = 26), translation/cultural adaptation of instruments (n = 14), review papers without original data (n = 4), or validation studies of existing instruments (n = 4).
The International Tests Commission established a number of recommendations designed to minimize the error in the process of adaptation of instruments.
The translation and cultural adaptation of instruments is an internationally recognized method [ 10- 14].
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for translation and adaptation of instruments were followed [ 16].
The translation procedure of the KINDEX was based on the World Health Organization guidelines for translation process and adaptation of instruments [ 54].
The translation procedure was based on the World Health Organization guidelines for translation process and adaptation of instruments [ 66].
The adaptation of instruments such as the STOPP/START criteria for HIV-infected patients will require additional investigation.
The validation and adaptation of instruments related to oral health is important to ensure the comparability and usefulness of research results [ 7, 10, 14, 15].
One of these methods is a universalist model for the equivalence and adaptation of instruments that relate to health and quality of life [ 19].
Cross-cultural adaptation of instruments elicits standardized data that can be used in clinical practice, teaching, research, policy making and also facilitates the exchange of information within the international scientific community [ 1].
As it allows the adaptation of instruments to the specificities of healthcare systems and care process that are culturally rooted, the importance of conducting cross-cultural validation studies should be emphasized.
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