The phrase "adaptation in the absence of" is correct and usable in written English.
It can be used when discussing changes or adjustments that occur when a certain factor or condition is not present.
Example: "The study focused on adaptation in the absence of natural predators, highlighting how species evolve in such environments."
Alternatives: "adjustment without" or "modification in the lack of".
Differences in local environmental conditions may result in spatially varying selection, which can lead to rapid local adaptation in the absence of divergence in molecular markers [14], [15].
However, our results do show that adaptation in the absence of antibiotics can cause epistatic variation of fitness costs.
Any impact of adaptation in the absence of antibiotics on the subsequent cost of additional resistance mutations therefore potentially modulates costs of resistance in natural populations of pathogens.
Thus, the fitness effects of StrR mutations varied epistatically depending on both adaptation in the absence of antibiotics and on the presence of other resistance mutations.
To determine adaptation in the absence of constraints in sex allocation, we also characterized the life history of females that reproduced during experimental evolution through obligate mating with males.
For one of the StrR mutations this pattern was consistent across RifR and RifS genotypes, suggesting that the relatively small cost of new resistance mutations after adaptation in the absence of antibiotics is not specific to resistant bacteria.
In the present study, we define important functional, cellular, and molecular compensatory adaptations in the absence of myoglobin.
These results resemble our findings with free-flying bees [1], in that specific long-term reward memories can lead to later behavioural adaptations in the absence of reinforcement.
Such alternate reproductive strategies are a form of pre-adaptation in the absence of mates or pollinators that also generates a fitness advantage in novel ecosystems where natural enemies are scarce.
We consider this hill-climb case to be the most likely situation during the host-adaptation we modeled (in the absence of deleterious substitutions).
Here, he proposes a trade-off between specialized adaptation to local conditions in the absence of migration and generalized adaptation to global conditions in the presence of migration.
