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The evaluation was done for four different cases: no adaptation, MAC layer adaptation, application layer adaptation, and combined MAC and application layer adaptation.
In the study, we evaluated both the network resource efficiency and QoE performance of four adaptation cases: no adaptation, MAC layer adaptation, application layer adaptation, and combined MAC and application layer adaptation.
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Cross-layer optimization methods can be categorized into application adaptation, application-centric adaptation, middle layer centric approach, middleware-based adaptation, and autonomous adaptation [3] as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Conceptual illustration of cross layer optimization [ 3 ].
Furthermore, this concept can be extended to other bit rate adaptation applications, such as scalable video coding (SVC) [9].
Particle swarms can be used in many machine adaptation applications, such as evolving fuzzy expert systems, a process that relies on nonprogrammed emergent behavior to evolve fuzzy rule sets.
Zhao and Zhou [52] identified the need for a holistic methodology from redesign and adaptation to application for special migration, architecture refactoring, integrated development environment and support migration of legacy applications to the cloud environment.
Moreover, the adaptation and application logics are mixed making the model not very flexible.
An institutional structure is a decision-making protocol that specifies procedures relevant to the resolution of one or more of the problems of adaptation, detection, application, and sanction.
It requires a concept of governance that facilitates our understanding of how societies resolve problems of adaptation, monitoring, application and sanction.
Current strategies are fragmented and seen as piecemeal, requiring adaptation and application to a particular sector by SMEs.
The term "drill and practice" is occasionally viewed as an adaptation and application of programmed learning techniques to computer-assisted instruction.
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