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If the hedonic value of tastants is hard-wired in insects, it would be interesting to know how fast insects can adapt to substances that are detected within the wrong category.
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A number of observations have established that phytophagous insects can adapt to bitter substances if they are not toxic, for example by reducing the sensitivity of their taste neurons [64] or by increasing the response to a feeding stimulant specific to their host plant based on their experience [65].
Bacteria also possess sophisticated signaling systems to sense and adapt to various substances in the environment.
However, the capability of forest insects to adapt to defence substances does exist, as demonstrated for the resistance of Lymantria dispar to tannins [ 13].
Each sludge may have been exposed to differing wastewater conditions resulting in a variety of microbial communities with differing abilities to adapt to each test substance.
Considering previously described studies, microbial feed additives could be those substances which can help dairy cows better adapt to lactation needs and improve reproductive performance.
"Farmers can adapt to trends.
Politicians adapt to communications technology.
"Adapt to Win".
However, microbes being prime mediators of biochemical cycling are ubiquitous and, as such, well adapted to exist in substances that are often present in the environment at toxic concentrations.
Another approach to enhance solvent tolerance is cell acclimatization, in which cells are adapted to a toxic substance under particular conditions.
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