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Focus groups were additionally conducted with general practitioners to adapt the items culturally.
For the current study, we adapted the items of the Other's Emotion subscale (5 items) such that these items enquire about parents' emotion, not about friends' emotions.
In order to provide continuity of HRQOL measurement with the same instrument from childhood into young adulthood, Varni & Limbers [ 6] adapted the items of the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales Adolescent Version for the use among young adults aged 18 25 years.
Because the attributes of health literate health care organizations are a new area of inquiry, we did not find validated survey items in our literature review and we therefore adapted the items used here from existing related measures.
The fact that none of the items had an IER of 100% and that the number of different items used at some point was high indicates that the system actually adapted the items presented to the individuals in the sample, pointing to the adequacy of a CAT for HRQoL measurement.
With permission from developers of CBCL, we translated this tool into Ki-Swahili and adapted the items to make them culturally appropriate and contextually relevant and examined the psychometric properties of the CBCL, particularly reliability, validity and factorial structure in a Kenyan community preschool sample of 301 children.
In translating and adapting the core items, one should ensure that the wording of an item matches exactly across all instruments.
As there is no direct measure of ESA, a scale was created by adapting the 20-item Self Reflection and Insight Scale [ 33], the 10-item Ruminative Response Scale [ 34] and the 12-item Meta-Evaluation Scale [ 35].
This task was completed after adapting the overjoy items following recent theoretical developments on PE.
The ReproQ was developed between October 2009 and February 2010 by adapting the WHO Responsiveness Questionnaire items to the perinatal care context.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com