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The concept of functional heterogeneity among β-cells proposes that each cell differs in its sensitivity to glucose [5] and is recruited in a glucose-dependent manner into both biosynthetic [6], [7], [8] and secretory active states in order to adapt insulin secretion to the metabolic environment [5], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12].
The same study also found that vildagliptin increased the adaptation index (Table 7), which is considered by the authors to be a measure of the ability of beta cells to adapt insulin secretion to the prevailing insulin sensitivity (Ahrén et al. 2005b).
β-Cell function was described as the ability of the β-cell to adapt insulin secretion to the prevailing insulin resistance and was quantified by the products: OGIS × dynamic AUC insulin (termed disposition index) and OGIS × dynamic TIS (termed adaptation index), where AUC is the area under the insulin concentration curve during the whole test.
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Despite this condition, serum glucose concentrations are maintained within the physiological range because the maternal endocrine pancreas adapts by increasing insulin secretion.
The goal of exogenous insulin therapy is to mimic normal endogenous insulin secretion, which adapts to fasting and prandial conditions.
Furthermore, insulin secretion is intrinsically complex because β-cells must adapt to chronic stimuli (e.g., weight changes) as well as respond to acute challenges (i.e., the succession of fasting and feeding).
β-cells in the pancreatic islets adapt to hyperglycemia with compensatory responses, such as expansion of the total β-cell mass and increased insulin secretion.
We cannot, however, exclude the possibility that lower carbohydrate intake may offer some benefits for obese adolescents, since they cannot adapt appropriately to high-carbohydrate diets by increasing their insulin sensitivity and may, hence, need to increase insulin secretion further (31).
The effects of liraglutide in the adapted minimal model were implemented as a stimulatory effect on the magnitude of the first-phase insulin secretion and an increased second-phase insulin secretion.
Among the most exciting is LAF237, a drug for Type 2 diabetes that helps increase insulin secretion.
The stress response associated with depression may increase the risk for diabetes by decreasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, which then causes increasing glucose levels in the blood.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com