The phrase "ad ref" is correct and usable in written English.
It is typically used in academic or professional contexts to refer to something that is being referenced or cited.
Example: "For further details on this topic, please see the documents ad ref."
Alternatives: "for reference" or "in reference to".
We find an unprecedented, long-lasting and spatially synchronized cooling following a cluster of large volcanic eruptions in 536, 540 and 547 AD (ref. 14), which was probably sustained by ocean and sea-ice feedbacks15,16, as well as a solar minimum17.
More recently, variants of clusterin (CLU) and phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) proteins have also been associated with AD (Ref. 60).
By the year 2050, 50% of people 85 years and older will be afflicted with AD (Ref. 57), making this disease a health priority.
A recent study suggested that if both conventional and non-conventional fossil fuel reserves (amounting to ∼12,000 Pg C; ref. 40) were exhausted in such a business-as-usual scenario, atmospheric CO2 could rise to ∼5,000 p.p.m. by 2,400 AD (refs 41, 42), which is clearly higher, in terms of both forcing and absolute CO2, than at any time captured by our compilation (Figs 3 and 4, Wink12K scenario).
Heterozygous mutations in LMNA have recently been identified in kindreds with the variant form of muscular dystrophy (MD) known as autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss MD (EDMD-AD; ref. 7) and dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction-system disease (CMD1A).
A similar event might have taken place in AD 993 (ref. 51).
So far, treatments designed to overcome these defects, by administration of glucose and insulin, have improved memory in AD patients (Ref. 102); however, the benefits are transient.
The discussion of this roll-over effect has received renewed attention with recent discoveries based on studies of 14C in Japanese tree rings, indicating that the Sun hosted a superflare with an energy larger than 1033 erg in AD 775 (refs 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48).
The selective decrease in complex IV observed in the brains of AD patients (Refs 62, 63) could be responsible for an imbalance in the electron transport chain (ETC) energy-extracting mechanism, which, in turn, would compromise the general metabolism of the neurons.
Chandler's data in order to study Liverpool as a resurgent city between AD 1700 and AD 1850 (ref. 12), to compare living conditions in small and large world cities from AD 1865 AD 1900 (ref. 13), or to measure how differences in economic institutions relate to levels of economic development14.
Seventy days-old pigs fed restrictively for 28 to 60 days (until age 98 or 130 days) and subsequently refed ad libitum until the age of 140 days, did also not compensate the BW difference to ad libitum fed pigs [ 29].
