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Industrial handwheel actuation through manual operation is a task common to numerous industries.
These solutions are particularly useful in design situations where actuation through a prismatic joint is desired.
In the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique, which is based on induced strain actuation through piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) patch, the knowledge of shear stress distribution in the adhesive bond layer between the patch and the host structure is very pertinent for reliable health monitoring of structures.
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For viscoelastic beams, time-dependent deformations of the beams under electric field actuations through the piezoelectric patches are solved numerically.
The inherent redundancy in these reconfigurable robots is exploited to obtain full finite mobility with as few as one actuator through under-actuation with the use of virtual alternating constraints.
Model derivation comprises determining equations of motion of the quad rotor in three dimensions and seeking to approximate actuation forces through modeling of aerodynamic coefficients and electric motor dynamics.
This includes the necessity of determining the state of combustion per cycle via sensing, the algorithms in the engine control unit (ECU) to regulate combustion in order to meet the desired performance, and the actuation means through both the engine valve-train and the injection system.
Both degradation through electronic actuation and degradation through heat actuation are lacking, as well comparison of them.
Due to the weak interface strength between the SMA wire and the matrix, interface debonding often occurs when the SMA composites act through an external force or through actuation temperature or combination of the two.
Actuation is accomplished through in-plane simple shear along prescribed slip lines decorating the surface.
Following this latency, ultrafast snap through actuation (∼10 ms-scale) ensues.
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