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Completely recoverable and non-degradable actuation over several cycles of electric-field is measured in these structures.
Shape memory alloys have sparked great amount of interest in the field of actuation over the past decades.
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A six-layer actuator was fabricated and testing results show that it can output actuation strains over 0.5% under a low field of 2 kV/mm at 0.1 Hz, about 3.5 times of that in conventional PZT actuators which is less than 0.15% under the same field.
The analysis revealed that the vertical actuation dominates over the in-plane actuation.
Then, the proposed approach is experimentally validated on a commercially available valve using a hydraulic circuit capable of measuring the flow rate as well as the actuation force over the entire spool stroke.
The cyclic actuation test shows the excellent stability of the actuator (over 2000 times).
With the development of a more detailed knowledge of the mechanism of actuation of microwaves over different materials, microwave processes have evolved from an alternative heating method, to a technology with wide applications for the processing of natural compound, the synthesis of composite materials and nanomaterials, and the intensification of catalytic reactions.
The alternative is to design a lightweight system and deal with the resulting flexibilities by over-actuation and over-sensing.
An alternative paradigm is to design a lightweight machine with over-actuation and over-sensing, to deal with the resulting flexibilities.
These micro-sensors have no mechanical moving parts to wear out and are inherently immune to many orders-of-magnitude over-actuation.
However, due to the limitation of interfacial shear strength, over-actuation (by means of electrical resistive heating) of SMA wire is able to induce the development of interfacial crack inside the composite structure.
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