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The model is able to predict high actuation levels (angles of curvature ≈ 180°) and the bidirectional shape-memory behavior of the device as a function of the thickness, configuration of the layers, and the LCN stretching level.
This simplified model is able to enhance the application of OAC and provide a simple and explicit solution to determine an ideal range of actuation levels for a large scale SMA-composite structure in the design stage.
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Applying the criterion of optimum actuation condition (OAC), target actuation level can be determined to prevent structural failure due to over-actuation.
We consider the case where the real-time measurement of the actuation level is unavailable, and thus PID controller monitoring has to be achieved on the basis of process state measurements.
However, the actuation stress levels are an order of magnitude higher.
Wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis revealed that samples strained to the same level, whether by creep or actuation, showed different orientation levels.
Another example of coordination among different emergency levels of actuation is the installation, in many big Spanish cities, of activation codes for certain pathologies (like acute myocardial infarction, stroke, polytrauma, sepsis), which have allowed improvement in quality and results [55].
Pursuing the reduction process permits us to design a feedback law extensible to both kinematic and dynamic levels of actuation, enabling the robot to execute finite-time reorientation and repositioning maneuvers while confined to move in corridor-like domains.
The impact of local (B-splines) and global (discrete sines) set of basis functions is investigated for increasing levels of actuation authority, showing the importance of the time frequency resolution of the parametrisation on the convergence properties and outcome quality of the process.
Due to the actuation techniques and manufacturing level at that time, these prosthetic hands are generally large, heavy, and provided with very limited number of sensors.
With the development of magnetic nanoparticles, cellular or even receptor level magnetic actuation can be achieved to activate different mechanosensors existing in the cell membrane [25].
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