The phrase "actual collaboration" is correct and usable in written English.
It can be used to emphasize the genuine or real nature of a collaborative effort or partnership.
Example: "The project was a success due to the actual collaboration between the two departments, which fostered innovation and creativity."
Alternatives: "genuine collaboration" or "true collaboration".
Here we use industry involvement measures that are broader than commercialization and indicate actual collaboration, i.e. collaborative research, contract research and consulting.
Part of the selling point is that the actual collaboration platform will be all virtual.
However, social artifacts manifest themselves as the actual collaboration structures that the social network analysis reveals.
The density of collaboration (CD) is the ratio of potential collaboration relationships to actual collaboration relationships.
Organizational proximity is not characterized as high due to a lack of actual collaboration.
Mathias Brust at the University of Liverpool--winner of a UKIERI standard award, which provides up to £150,000 over 5 years for his work in investigating the use of magnetic nanoparticles in medicine--also points out that the UKIERI initiative creates a dialogue and facilitates actual collaboration by exchanging students and research staff.
These collections are actual collaborations, intended to investigate a particular concept or technique.
Future surveys will show whether intended ties become actual collaborations and whether projects bear fruit.
For example, in the case of a Swedish medical university both industry funding and co-authorship indicators were shown to provide incomplete results [ 85], and a study of multi-disciplinary research teams in Germany concluded that co-authorships could account for about half of the actual collaborations [ 86].
While this variation may reflect differing practices regarding the review of studies using coded or anonymized specimens more generally, our findings indicate that IRBs distinguish between simple biospecimen sharing and actual collaborations between institutions that involve the uses of stored specimens.
Other theories are less restrictive, insofar as they do not link distribution to actual social collaboration, yet nonetheless do restrict it, insofar as they bind it to the status of citizenship.
